Table 1

Summary of cancers with increased risks in males (M) and females (F) with HIV/AIDS (PHA) in India

Cancer sites with increased risk

Relative risks in developed countries

Correlated with CD4 loss in PHA

Tumor-associated co-viral infections*

Incidence in India, relative to developed countries

Proportional risk increase in Indian PHA [13]

Case observations in Indian PHA**

M

F

AIDS-defining cancers

Kaposi sarcoma

> 1000

++++

KSHV

Rare

No cases seen

Occasional

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

20–350

+++

EBV

Low

17

10

Multiple

Cervical cancer

2–20

-

HPV

Very high

4

Not reported

Non-AIDS defining cancers

Anus

20–50

-

HPV

Low

10

6^NS

Not reported

Hodgkin lymphoma

3–18

Inverse

EBV

Low

4

2^NS

Occasional

Vulva and vagina

4–8

-

HPV

High

8

Not reported

Head and neck cancers

2–3

-

HPV

Very high

1^NS

2

Not reported

Testis

1–2

-

None

Low

2

Not reported

^NS Not statistically significant

* KSHV: Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8); EBV: Epstein Barr virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus

** Other than description in risk ratio study [13].

Biggar et al. Infectious Agents and Cancer 2009 4:4   doi:10.1186/1750-9378-4-4